Zionism: A Root Cause for Ongoing Population Transfer of Palestinians
In 1973, The United Nations rightfully condemned ‘the unholy alliance between Portuguese colonialism, South African racism, Zionism and Israeli imperialism.’1 And only two years later the same international organization determined ‘that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.’2 Although this resolution was revoked in 1991, at the behest of the U.S. administration, in order to pave the way for the Madrid Peace Conference that same year, the equation of Zionism with racism is still valid. Apartheid is based on the principle of the establishment and maintenance of a regime of institutionalized discrimination in which one group dominates others. In the case of Israel, the driving-force behind the Palestinian reality of apartheid is Zionist ideology; its manifestation is population transfer and ethnic cleansing.
Zionism
The Zionist Movement was formed in the late Nineteenth century with the aim of creating a Jewish homeland through the formation of a ‘national movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the resumption of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel.’3 As such, the Zionist enterprise combined the Jewish nationalism which it aimed to create and foster, with the colonialism of transplanting people, mostly from Europe, into Palestine with the support of European imperial powers. Jewish history was interpreted towards constructing a specific Jewish national identity in order to justify the colonization of Palestine. As Ilan Pappe rightly concludes, however, “Zionism was not… the only case in history in which a colonialist project was pursued in the name of national or otherwise non-colonialist ideals. Zionists relocated to Palestine at the end of a century in which Europeans controlled much of Africa, the Caribbean, and other places in the name of ‘progress’ or idealism…”4 What is unique to Israel, however, is the effect of Zionism on the people it has claimed to represent. By basing itself on the idea of Judaism as a national identity, adherents of the Jewish faith around the world would become, as per Israeli law, Jewish “nationals,” whether or not they accepted said classification. To date, Israel continues to be the only country in the world that defines its citizenry extra-territorially.
The creation of a Jewish nation state in a land with a very small Jewish minority could only be conceivable through the forced displacement of the existing indigenous population alongside the implanting of the new Jewish settlers. For the indigenous Palestinians who managed to remain within the boundaries of what became Israel, their own national identity was relegated to inferior status. Article 2 of the State Education Law, for example, states that “the objective of State education is… to educate each child to love… his nation and his land,… [to] respect his… heritage, his cultural identity… to impart the history of the Land of Israel… [and] to teach… the history of the Jewish People, Jewish heritage and tradition…”5 Beyond being subject to institutionalized discrimination, these Palestinians who managed to remain within the part of Palestine usurped in 1948—of whom today there are over 1.2 million—are forced to be citizens of a state in which they are ineligible for nationality.
As mentioned above, however, the main manifestation of Zionist
apartheid has been population transfer. The task of establishing
and maintaining a Jewish state on a predominantly non-Jewish
territory has been carried out by forcibly displacing the
non-Jewish majority population. Today, nearly 70 percent of the
Palestinian people worldwide are themselves, or the
descendents of, Palestinians who have been forcibly
displaced by the Israeli regime.6 The idea of “transfer”
in Zionist thought has been rigorously traced by
Nur
Masalha in
his seminal text Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of
“Transfer”in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948, and is
encapsulated in the words of Israel Zangwill, one of the early
Zionist thinkers who, in 1905, stated that “if we wish to give a
country to a people without a country, it is utter foolishness to
allow it to be the country of two peoples.”7
Yosef
Weitz, former
director of the Jewish National Fund’s Lands Department, was even
more explicit when, in 1940, he wrote that “it must be clear that
there is no room in the country for both people (...) the only
solution is a Land of Israel, at least a western Land of Israel
without Arabs. There is no room here for compromise. (...) There is
no way but to transfer the Arabs from here to the neighboring
countries (...) Not one village must be left, not one (Bedouin)
tribe.”8 Rights and ethics were not to stand in the way,
or as David Ben-Gurion argued in 1948, “the war will give us the
land. The concepts of ‘ours’ and ‘not ours’ are peace concepts,
only, and in war they lose their meaning.”9
The essence of Zionism, therefore, is aptly summarized as the
creation and fortification of a specific Jewish national identity,
the takeover of the maximum amount of Palestinian land, ensuring
that the minimum number of non-Jewish persons remain on that land
and the maximum number of Jewish nationals are implanted upon it.
In other words, Zionism from its inception has necessitated
population transfer notwithstanding its brutal requisites and
consequences.
Population Transfer
Based on one of the ultimate aims of Zionism—the forcible transfer of the indigenous Palestinian population beyond the boundaries of Mandate Palestine—many Israeli laws, policies and state practices as well as specific actions of para-state and other private actors have been developed and applied. This forcible transfer or ethnic cleansing started even prior to 1948 and is still ongoing today.
The idea of transfer did not end with the establishment of Israel in 1948. Between 1948 and 1966, various official and unofficial transfer plans were put forward to resolve the “Palestinian problem”. These included plans to resettle Palestinian refugees… [and the] establishment [of] several transfer committees during this period. The notion of population transfer was raised again during the 1967 war… and similar proposals for population transfer also emerged during and after the second intifada [in 2000].10
According to the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the former Commission on Human Rights,The essence of population transfer remains a systematic coercive and deliberate… movement of population into or out of an area… with the effect or purpose of altering the demographic composition of a territory, particularly when that ideology or policy asserts the dominance of a certain group over another.11
This ethnic cleansing, today, is carried out by Israel in the
form of the overall policy of “silent” transfer and not by mass
deportations like in 1948 or 1967. This displacement is silent in
the sense that Israel carries it out while trying to avoid
international attention by displacing small numbers of people on a
weekly basis. It is to be distinguished from more overt transfer
achieved under the veneer of warfare in 1948. Here it is important
to note that Israel’s transfer policy is neither limited by
Israel’s geographical boundaries nor those of the occupied
Palestinian territory (OPT). Israel is in essence treating the
territory of Israel and the OPT as one legal entity.
The Israeli policy of silent transfer is evident in the State’s
laws, policies and practices. The most significant of these
include: governance and enforcement of residency rights; land
rights; regulation of natural resources; the application of
justice; law enforcement; and the status of Zionist para-state
actors. Israel uses its power in such areas to discriminate,
expropriate and ultimately to forcibly displace the indigenous
non-Jewish population from the area of Mandate Palestine. So for
instance the Israeli land-planning and zoning system has forced
93,000 Palestinians in East-Jerusalem to build without proper
construction permits because 87 percent of that area is off-limits
to Palestinian use, and most of the remaining 13 percent is already
built up.12 Since the Palestinian population of
Jerusalem is growing steadily, it has had to expand into areas not
zoned for Palestinian residence by the state of Israel. All those
homes are now under the constant threat of being demolished by the
Israeli army or police, which will leave their inhabitants homeless
and displaced.
Another example is the government-approved Prawer Plan, which calls for the forcible displacement of 30,000 Palestinian citizen of Israel due to an Israeli allocation policy which has not recognized over thirty-five Palestinian villages, located in the Naqab (Negev).13 Israel deems the inhabitants of those villages as illegal trespassers and squatters, and are therefore, facing the imminent threat of displacement, This despite the fact that in many cases, these communities predate the state of Israel itself.
The Israeli Supreme Court bolstered the Zionist objective of clearing Palestine of its indigenous population in its 2012 decision prohibiting family unification between Palestinian-Israelis and their counterparts across and beyond the Green Line. The effect of this ruling has been that Palestinians with different residency statuses (such as Israeli citizen, Jerusalem ID, West Bank ID or Gaza ID—all issued by Israel) cannot legally live together on either side of the Green Line. They are thus faced with a choice of living abroad, living apart from one another, or taking the risk of living together illegally.14 Such a system is used as a further means of displacing Palestinians and thereby changing the demography of Israel and the OPT in favor of an exclusive Jewish population. This demographic intention is reflected in the Court’s reasoning for its decision, where it stated that “human rights are not a prescription for national suicide.”15 This reasoning was further emphasized by Knesset-member Otniel Schneller who stated that “the decision articulates the rationale of separation between the [two] peoples and the need to maintain a Jewish majority… and character…”16 This illustrates once more the Israeli state’s self-image as an exclusively Jewish state with a different set of rights for its Jewish and non-Jewish, mainly Palestinian, inhabitants.
Jewish Nationality
All the different means with which Israel triggers the displacement of Palestinians are linked to the central concept of Jewish nationality as it is the legal mechanism that enables and guarantees the constant discrimination against the non-Jewish population. This same concept is the link between Zionism and the constructed “right” of the Jewish nation to settle and occupy the territory of Mandate Palestine. In other words, the concept of Jewish nationality is the lynchpin of the Israel’s regime of apartheid as it addresses both aims of Zionism: the creation and maintenance of a specific Jewish national identity, and the colonization of Mandate Palestine through the combination of Jewish settler implantation and the forcible transfer of all non-Jewish inhabitants.
The way this concept is embodied in law is through the separation, unique to Israel, of citizenship (Israeli) from nationality (Jewish), a separation confirmed by the Israeli Supreme Court in 1972.17 This separation has allowed Israel to discriminate against its Palestinian citizens and, even more severely, against Palestinian refugees by ensuring that certain rights and privileges are conditional upon Jewish nationality. The main source of discrimination against Palestinian refugees originate from the Israeli Law of Return 1950 and the Israeli Citizenship Law 1952 which grants automatic citizenship to all Jewish nationals, wherever they reside, while simultaneously preventing Palestinian refugees from returning to, and legally residing in, that territory. The Israeli regime has basically divided the Palestinian people into several distinct political-legal statuses as shown in the figure below. Despite their differing categorizations under Israeli law, Palestinians across the board maintain an inferior status to that of Jewish nationals living within the same territory or beyond:
The international community judged the South African apartheid regime based on its racist ideology elements and its violations of international norms and standards. It is time to judge Israel similarly. The first significant step in that direction would be reinstating United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 10 November 1975 declaring Zionism as a form of racism, and paving the way for the end of Israeli impunity and apartheid.
Endnotes:
1. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14
December 1973.
2. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 10 November
1975.
3. Mitchell Geoffrey Bard and Moshe Schwartz, One Thousand One
Facts Everyone Should Know about Israel (Rowman & Littlefield,
2005), p. 1.
4. Ilan Pappe, “Zionism as Colonialism: A Comparative View of
Diluted Colonialism in Asia and Africa”, South Atlantic Quarterly
107:4 (Fall 2008), pp. 611-633, p. 612.
5. Article 2 of the Israeli State Education Law 1953 (amended in
2000).
6. BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian residency and refugee
rights, Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Survey of 2008-2009 (BADIL 2009).
7. Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of
“Transfer”in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948 (Institute for
Palestine Studies 1992), p. 10.
8. Benny Morris, 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians
(Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 121.
9. Masalha, p. 180.
10. BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian residency and refugee
rights, Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Survey of 2008-2009 (BADIL 2009).
11. See the human Rights Dimensions of Population Transfer
including the Implantation of Settlers, Preliminary Report prepared
by A.S. al-Khawasneh and R. Hatano. Commission on Human Rights
Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities, Forty-fifth Session, 2-27 August 1993,
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/17, 6 July 1993, paras. 15 and 17, pp. 27-32.
12. OCHA-OPT, Demolitions and Forced Displacement in the Occupied
West Bank (2012).
13. See Adalah, “The Prawer Plan and Analysis” (October 2011), at:
http://www.adalah.org/upfiles/2011/Overview%20and%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Prawer%20Committee%20Report%20Recommendations%20Final.pdf.
14. See HCJ 466/07, MK Zahava Galon v. The Attorney General, et al.
(petition dismissed 11 January 2012).
15. Ben White, “Human rights equated with national suicide”,
Aljazeera (12 January 2012) at:
http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/20121121785669583.html.
16. Ibid.
17. George Raphael Tamarin v State of Israel 1972.
18. Ambica Jobanputra, “Israel’s Discriminatory Laws” (March 2012)
at file with author.